Prevalence of Acute Malnutrition (MUAC, oedema)

% of children aged 6–59 months with a MUAC < 125mm (and/or bilateral oedema)

The indicator measures the prevalence of children with mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) between 115mm and 125mm (moderate acute malnutrition) and below 115mm (severe acute malnutrition) and/or bilateral oedema.

Data can be collected either as a part of the SMART survey collecting for also other anthropometric data or in a separate survey collecting MUAC-only data. The second option is much faster and is used when a lack of time or funding does not allow the conducting of a full-scale SMART survey.

Disaggregate the data by gender and age groups.

1) This indicator relies on an accurate age assessment. Since people often do not remember the exact dates of their children’s birth, the data collectors should always verify the child’s age. This can be done by reviewing the child’s birth certificate, vaccination card or another document; however, since many caregivers do not have such documents (and since they can include mistakes), it is essential that your data collectors are able to verify the child’s age by using local events calendars. Read FAO’s Guidelines (see below) to learn how to prepare local events calendars and how to train data collectors in their correct use.

    

2) Prevention-oriented projects should use this indicator only if their strategy is likely to have an impact on the nutritional status of the target population. If your project is too short or focuses, for example, primarily on improving agricultural production, use less ambitious indicators measuring, for example, nutritional intake (such as Minimum Dietary Diversity) or specific nutritional practices.

  

3) In many countries, acute malnutrition is prone to significant seasonal differences (e.g. ranging from 5% in the months following the harvest to 11% before the harvest). Therefore, if you need to compare your baseline and endline data to assess the result of your work, ensure that the data is collected at the same time of year; otherwise, you will receive two sets of data which say very little about the change your project has (not) achieved.

  

4) Since the differences in the prevalence of acute malnutrition are often very small (e.g. from 7% to 5%), MUAC-based surveys need to use a very small margin of error (2-3%), using a large sample of children. With a larger team of measurers, MUAC data for a survey can be collected within 6 - 8 working days (training, including piloting, can be done in 1-2 days). To ensure maximum quality, use the guidance recommended below; if required, contract an in-country or headquarters-based advisor to design methodology, train your team and supervise the survey quality.